This is the second appeal arbitration conducted under the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), in which both China and the European Union are participants. The MPIA was established among its original 18 members in April 2020 to provide arbitration options under Article 25 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) for disputes between any two or more participating members.
The current parties to the MPIA include Australia, Benin, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, the European Union, Guatemala, Hong Kong (China), Iceland, Japan, Macao (China), Malaysia, Mexico, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.