Researchers at Swansea University have made progress in understanding why certain strains of E. coli are more likely to cause severe sepsis, a life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure. The research was led by Professor Thomas Wilkinson, Professor of Barrier Immunity and Infectious Disease at Swansea University, as part of a Health PhD Studentship Scheme funded by the Health and Care Research Wales Faculty.
The study focused on patients from the Hywel Dda University Health Board area, which experienced high rates of E. coli infections in 2018. Working with Glangwili General Hospital in Carmarthen, the team collected 170 E. coli samples from local patients. These samples were connected to patient records that included details about infection sources and whether sepsis had developed.
By examining the genetic characteristics of the bacteria and their interaction with the immune system, researchers identified genes that allow some E. coli strains to survive in human blood and avoid destruction by immune responses. The study found differences in adhesins—proteins on the surface of bacteria—between E. coli originating from abdominal infections versus those from urinary tract infections.
The research also showed that immune reactions varied based on how well bacteria could persist in the bloodstream. This knowledge may help clinicians predict how severe an infection could become and select appropriate treatments earlier.
Professor Wilkinson said: “The research identified key genetic markers that could eventually lead to tests for early sepsis diagnosis, which does not have to cost the NHS money if combined with established technologies. These breakthroughs have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce the costs of delayed diagnosis, helping to prevent unnecessary deaths and hospitalisations.”