The World Bank estimates that artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) directly employs at least 45 million people in 80 countries, with an additional 270 million working in related services. This makes ASM the top non-farm rural employer in many mineral-rich countries, creating wealth for numerous households.
Since the 1990s, ASM's contribution to global mineral supplies has increased significantly due to strong international demand. For example, ASM now accounts for 20% of global gold supply, up from roughly 4% in the 1990s. In critical minerals like tantalum and tin, ASM contributes around 25% of global supply. However, this growth often occurs outside regulation, leading to social and environmental challenges.
To ensure sustainable growth in the sector, the World Bank emphasizes legitimacy and professionalization. A report published in September 2024 advocates for a renewed approach to ASM based on government priorities and past experiences. The international community is urged to support governments in reform efforts while coordinating with technical and financial partners.
The World Bank's strategy includes responsive regulatory frameworks, gender equality initiatives, environmental stewardship programs, financial inclusion measures, access to legal markets, and capacity building for miners and communities.
With increasing demand for critical minerals like cobalt and tungsten—particularly from Africa—the need for effective legalization and professionalization is urgent. Without these measures, unregulated activities may continue causing poor working conditions and environmental degradation.
Industry partnerships are also crucial. At major conferences like Investing In African Mining Indaba 2025, there's a clear commitment to integrating ASM into broader mining strategies. "Artisanal and small-scale mining is a key component of future-proofing African mining," says Laura Nicholson of Mining Indaba.
Efforts such as the Multistakeholder Partnership Initiative for Sustainable and Responsible Artisanal and Small-Scale Mine Development (MSPI), launched by the World Bank and World Gold Council in 2023, aim to promote responsible gold mining through collaboration among industrial companies, governments, small-scale entities, and market actors.
Access to technology that boosts efficiency is vital for miners' success. Delve Exchange fosters collaboration by addressing challenges such as environmental sustainability while driving transformation at mine sites.
Artisanal mining holds potential as a driver of inclusive growth within the industry if supported by both international institutions and industry leaders.